Aurangzeb appointed Muhtasibs in all the provinces. Singing also continued to be patronized by the ladies in the harem, and also by individual nobles. He was constantly at war. After about 1680, Aurangzeb’s reign underwent a change of both attitude and policy. Though jizya was a regressive tax, and bore heavily on the poor than the rich, there is no proof of any large scale conversions during his reign on account of this measure. He also built the Lahore Badshahi Masjid, and Bibi Ka Maqbara in Aurangabad for his wife Rabia. Aurangzeb's religious beliefs cannot be considered as the basis of his political policies. So, he came out with a Religious policy. Aurangzeb’s harsh treatment of Hindus, and the reversal of the liberal religious policies of his predecessors, particularly Akbar, have been cited as principal reasons for the disintegration of his empire. Aurangzeb felt that he was superior not only had he become superior to administer the empire in a better way but also to protect and strengthen Islam particularly its Sunni faith. I’m big fan your website, Your email address will not be published. It is significant that shortly after Aurangzeb’s death; the lead in abolishing the jizya was taken by Asad Khan and Zulfiqar Khan, two of the premier nobles of Aurangzeb. The religious policy of Akbar is known as 'Din-e-ilahi', which literally means the integrity of all the religions. Whereas, Aurangzeb was a staunch Muslim. AURANGZEB (1618–1707), sixth and last of the Great Mughal emperors of India Born Muhi-ud-Din Muhammad, Aurangzeb was renowned for his long war in the south (the Deccan) and for his religious orthodoxy. What people view as Aurangzeb’s botched and discriminatory religious… Therefore, while dealing with the conflicts (with the local elements), Aurangzeb considered it legitimate to destroy even long standing Hindu temples as a major punishment and as a warning. Conclusion Historians are deeply divided when it comes to Aurangzeb's reign and his religious policies. This failure caused Aurangzeb to call for a modification of his earlier religious policy. However, Aurangzeb found that images of these temples had been restored and idol-worship had been resumed. Religion: Islam: Muhi-ud-Din Muhammad also known as Aurangzeb or by his title Alamgir was the sixth emperor of the Mughal Empire. Aurangzeb’s religious policy had two aspects i.e: (i) To promote the tenets of Islam and to ensure that the people led their lives accordingly. © Copyright by Sansar Lochan, India | All Rights Reserved. Aurangzeb, in fact, did not try to change the nature of the state, but reasserted its fundamentally Islamic character. As a result of these orders, a number of temples such as the famous temples of Vishwanath at Banaras and the temple of Keshava Rai at Mathura built by Bir Singh Deo Bundela during the reign of Jahangir were destroyed and a mosque; erected in their place. However, the appeal to religion failed. “The religious policy of Aurangzeb was disastrous. He reimposed the jiziya, the hated poll-tax on non- Muslims, which the wise and compassionate Akbar had abolished early in his region. He restored Islam to its original position as the religion of the court and the country. Had any such developments taken place, they would have been recorded. According to Manucci, Aurangzeb imposed jizya for two reasons: first, because by this time his treasuries had begun to shrink owing to the expenditure on his campaigns; secondly, to force Hindus to become Mohammedans. The main necessity of Aurangzeb now was to subdue and win over the large number of Hindu rajas, zamindars operating in the area. Aurangzeb appointed Muhtasibs in all the provinces. Aurangzeb encountered political opposition from a number of quarters, such as the Marathas, Jats, etc., as they had adopted a new stance. Aurangzeb's religious policy is based on the Islamic theory of kinship. Iran. After about 1680, Aurangzeb’s reign underwent a change of both attitude and policy. Aurangzeb’s Religious Policy. The policy of laying primary importance on Islam and the Holy Law began to give way to a more pragmatic approach after Aurangzeb reached the Deccan and after the fall of Bijapur and Golconda and, the capture and execution of Sambhaji. Polity Bharat Ka Samvidhan: Ek Parichaya: Ek Parichaya (Hindi), Sansar डेली करंट अफेयर्स, 30 November 2020 - Sansar Lochan, Life of Basava and Shakti Vishishtadvaita Philosophy, Causes of the Downfall of the Mughal Empire, Reforms of Alauddin Khilji : Administrative, Military, Revenue & Economic, Town Planning of Indus Valley Civilization : Salient Features, Lord Curzon : Reforms and the administrative measures, Lord Ripon (1880-1884) – A well-meaning Governor-General, Itolizumab (rDNA origin) – A Monoclonal Antibody | UPSC, Know about Hagia Sophia Controversy | UPSC, Administration of Lord Lytton (1876-1880). Aurangzeb, in a complete reversal of the religious policy of Akbar, adopted and implemented a policy of persecuting people of another faiths. Log in. Aurangzeb was felt that he had not only become greater than administer the empire in a better way, but also to protect and strengthen particularly its Sunni Islam faith. He was not anti-Hinduism, Sikhism, or Shi’ism. AURANGZEB. Aurangzeb letters reflected the close attention that he paid to all affairs of the state and governance. However, when the Maratha resistance stiffened after 1698, he wrote darkly to Zulfiqar Ali Khan that ‘the demolition of a temple is possible at any time, as it cannot walk away from its place’. Ask your question. Religious Proclamation. However Aurangzeb took the decision of re-imposition of jizya after 22 years of his accession possibly because he wanted to maintain the alliance with the Rajputs and also hoped to reach an accord with the Marathas. After 1679, it seems that Aurangzeb's zeal to destroy temples decreased, as after this, there was no evidence of any large-scale destruction of temples in the south (between 1681 and his death in 1707). He came out with religious cum economic reforms. He was a strict disciplinarian who did not spare even his own sons. Some historians like Jadunath Sarkar consider his religious stand to be full of bigotry and religious intolerance while others like Shibli Naumani describes it as a matter of political expediency. Aurangzeb issued orders to the governors of all provinces to prohibit such practices and to destroy all those temples where such practices took place. Sikandar Adil Shah refused to break his alliance with the Marathas. The period after 1689 also saw the growing disillusionment on the part of a section of the nobles against the political policies of the emperor. According to them jizya was collected with utmost severity with the object of not only replenishing Aurangzeb’s treasury but also to convert the poorer sections of the Hindu population into Mohammedans. During his 13th year of reign, Aurangzeb found that expenses had exceeded income during the preceding 12 years. In the regime of Aurangzeb Hindus had not an energetic opportunity to stand against Aurangzeb, because the sources of communication among the states were strengthen and among Hindu rajas or chiefs were weak and this situation became opposite in Aurangzeb’s successor’s regime. Loss of support of the loyal Rajputs who had earlier contributed greatly to the stability of the Mughal empire but now became its bitter foes.7. The proceeds from the jizya were to be lodged in a separate treasury, called the khazanah-i-jizya and were earmarked for charitable purposes. Shah Jahan had already moved away from the liberalism of Akbar , although in a token manner rather than with the intent of suppressing Hinduism, [70] [b] and Aurangzeb took the change still further. Numerous wars with the Sikhs, the Marathas, the Jats and the Rajputs. He was a strict follower of the Sunni sect, to the extent that he persecuted the members of the Shiite sect. Aurangzeb withdrawn the practice of jharoka darshan or showing himself to the public from the balcony (initiated by Akbar). The contemporary European travelers suggest a different explanation of the measure. Log in. the heretical Deccani rulers was lawful. Religious Policy Aurangazeb was a staunch and orthodox Muslim in his personal life. In a course of time, he began to be regarded as a zinda pir, or "a living saint.". Shibli Nomani, Zahiruddin Faruki and Ishtiaq Hussain Qureshi justify most of Aurangzeb's actions as political expedients. This phase began to be modified around 1685, when Aurangzeb had began to despair of detaching the Deccani states from their alliance with the Marathas and continued up tp the conquest of Bijapur and Golkonda in 1687. Aurangzeb looked upon temples as the centers of spreading rebellious ideas, i.e. Deccan policy of Aurangzeb had political as well as religious purpose. Now analysing more about Aurangzeb's religious policies as a ruler, his religious policies can be divided mainly into two broad phases, the first lasting up to 1679, and the second from 1679 to his death in 1707. At the beginning of his reign, Aurangzeb prohibited the kalma being inscribed on coins, as it trampled underfoot or be defiled while passing from one hand to another. Learn how your comment data is processed. (ii) To adopt anti-Hindu measures. As a great puritan ruler he adopted the following measures: It is interesting to note that the largest number of Persian works on classical Indian music were written during Aurangzeb's reign. While the policy of obliterating a political opponent’s base of operations is one that may have its detractors, the arguments that Aurangzeb’s actions were religiously motivated are clearly baseless. During his long reign period, the Mughal Empire reached its territorial climax. During 1679-80, when there was a state of hostility with the Rathors of Marwar and the Rana of Udaipur, many temples of old standing were destroyed at Jodhpur and its parganas, and at Udaipur. Therefore, in 1669, he took strict action especially when he learnt that in some of the temples in Thatta, Multan and especially at Banaras, both Hindus and Muslims used to come from great distances to learn from the Brahmans. Sharma not only calls Aurangzeb a puritan, but assumes that ‘Muslim theology triumphed’ with his attainment. He had also handwritten copies of the Quran himself, further testifying his religiosity. According to the shara, in a Muslim state, the payment of jizyah was obligatory, for the non-Muslims. Some evidences suggest that Aurangzeb wanted to have the clergy on his side, as the clergy exercised a powerful hold on the minds of men. However, this anti-Hindu policy lacked proper implementation. His reversal of Akbar’s policy of religious toleration resulted in weakening the entire structure of the Mughal empire. Aurangzeb had a tragic death near Ahmednagar. Aurangzeb was a staunch Sunni and wanted to protect and strengthen Islam particularly its Sunni faith. As a political and religious conservative, Aurangzeb chose not to follow the secular-religious viewpoints of his predecessors after his ascension. This video from Kriti Educational Videos gives a brief description about Aurungzeb and his Deccan policies. In 1672, Aurangzeb canceled all the land grants previously issued to the Hindus and other religious groups, probably to please the Ulama. The instrumental music and naubat (the royal band) were, however, continued. Being rather religious, Aurangzeb encouraged Islamic calligraphy. 1. HOPE IT HELPS ️ . The re-imposition of jizya has been represented as marking the culmination of the spirit of religious bigotry which led to the alienation of the Rajputs, Marathas and the Hindus and hastened the disintegration of the empire. Therefore, the imposition of jizya coincided with the outbreak of the Rathor war but did not imply abandonment of Akbar’s policy of allying with the Rajputs and other elements. Compare the religious policy of Akbar with that of Aurangzeb Get the answers you need, now! He was a strict follower of the Sunni sect, to the extent that he persecuted the members of the Shia sect. Further it was promised that any lands conquered by them from Sambhaji would be granted to them in jagir and their army would be subsidized by the Mughals. His formal coronation took place on June 5, 1659, after the battles of Khajwaha and Deorai. Aurangzeb’s relation with the ulema is also of importance. Academia.edu is a platform for academics to share research papers. The religious policy of Aurangzeb brought out serious consequences. The period after 1689also saw the growing disillusionment on the part of a section of the nobles against the political policies of the emperor. The state of religious policy during Aurangzeb can be determined by the words of M. L. Roy Choudhury, “ The year 1669 A.D. is a memorable year in the history of iconoclasm in India. Sharma and A.L. Despite the respect he had for his father, Aurangzeb vehemently disagreed with many of his father's actions, considering them to be wasteful and extravagant. The ideal of Aurangzeb was the creation of Muslim theocracy and extinction of all other religions. So, the religious policies of both Akbar and Aurangzeb are the most differing, according to the stances taken by them. Aurangzeb ruled for almost 50 years. The state of religious policy during Aurangzeb can be determined by the words of M. L. Roy Choudhury, “ The year 1669 A.D. is a memorable year in the history of iconoclasm in India. She writes, “Throughout his reign Aurangzeb’s default policy was to ensure the well-being of Hindu religious institutions and their leaders. Apart from being an orthodox Muslim, Aurangzeb was also a ruler. Sign in. Akbar won over the Hindus by a policy of religious toleration. Occasional cases of conversion did take place but they were among the small zamindars or petty state employees. ideas which were not acceptable to the orthodox elements. At the beginning of his reign, Aurangzeb prohibited the kalma being inscribed on coins, as it trampled underfoot or be defiled while passing from one hand to another. Religious Policy of Aurangzeb Religious Policy of Akbar was orthodox and he displayed extreme intolerance in his religious attitude and practice. Sometimes this led him to adopt contradictory policies which damaged the empire. kunal253 kunal253 22.01.2018 Social Sciences Secondary School Compare the religious policy of Akbar with that of Aurangzeb 2 PLZ FOLLOW ME AND MARK IT A BRAINLIEST ANSWER. Aurangzeb’s religious policy was largely responsible for the downfall of the Mughal Empire. Recent research has established that the number of Hindus in the various echelons of the nobility did not decline, but actually increased after 1679. Aurangzeb felt that he was superior not only had he be-come superior to administer the empire in a better way but also to protect and strengthen Islam particularly its Sunni faith. In 1665, Aurangzeb again ordered to destroy these temples. The religious fanaticism of Aurangzeb overshadowed his virtues. Conclusion: - After reading or researching it can said that Aurangzeb was very orthodox regarding his religious policy but indeed was a hardworking personality and he was of … The final phase continued from 1687 up to Aurangzeb’s death in 1707. Religious policy of Aurangzeb was based on the Islamic theory of kinship. Why does America want to back out of Open Skies Treaty? Required fields are marked *. Personal whims or religious considerations of the Mughals did not dictate their policy towards the Deccan states. Aurangzeb felt that he was superior not only had he be-come superior to administer the empire in a better way but also to protect and strengthen Islam particularly its Sunni faith. He considered it a superstitious practice and against Islam. In some regions, such as the north-east and the Deccan, the imperial frontier So, Aurangzeb did not understand that to rule in India, he has to be a rational person. Aurangzeb's religious policies are one of the most debated topic than those of other Mughal rulers. Aurangzeb banned the festival of Nauroz, as it was considered as Zoroastrian practice favored by the Safavid rulers of Iran. Thus, if Aurangzeb’s objective had been to effect the forcible conversions of the Hindus, he might have attempted it in the newly conquered territories in the Deccan. Aurangzeb’s policy of religious intolerance shook the foundations of the empire and resulted in the following: The costly, long-drawn and ruinous Deccan campaign. The religious policy of Akbar was very liberal. Even the theological elements in the emperor’s camp were not impressed by Aurangzeb’s religious propaganda. The main necessity of Aurangzeb now was to subdue and win over the large number of Hindu rajas, zamindars operating in the area. Religious Policy. A slow change began in 1666. Aurangzeb himself was proficient in playing the Veena. The non-Muslim who were the bulk of the population became completely alienated from him. The pious ruler of an Islamic state replaced the seasoned statesman of a mixed kingdom; Hindus became subordinates, not colleagues, and the Marathas, like the southern Muslim kingdoms, were marked for annexation rather than containment.The first overt sign of change was the reimposition of the jizya, or … Religious Policy: Aurangzeb was an orthodox Sunni Muslim who did not have any faith on the other religions except his own. Sir my self Suresh Bhardwaj. But more often than not, it is the religious policies pursued by Aurangzeb that have been cited as one of the principal reasons for Aurangzeb’s undoing, and among many Hindus the name of Aurangzeb evokes the same passionate hatred as do the names of Mahmud of Ghazni and Muhammad of Ghori. Aurangzeb was a staunch conservative Sunni Muslim, he considered the importance of Islam as the basis of his rule to the Qur’an ( Shariat ). He ruled over most of the Indian subcontinent through Islamic Sharia. Religious Policy At the beginning of his reign, Aurangzeb prohibited the kalma being inscribed on coins, as it trampled underfoot or be defiled while passing from one hand to another. The policy of laying primary importance on Islam and the Holy Law began to give way to a more pragmatic approach after Aurangzeb reached the Deccan and after the fall of Bijapur and Golconda and, the capture and execution of Sambhaji. Saif Khan, the old administrator of Kashmir, is remembered as the builder of bridges. In 1669, Aurangzeb took a number of measures, which have been called puritanical, but many of them were of an economic and social character, and against superstitious beliefs. Aurangzeb reacted to these threats by emphasizing Islam as the only bond of unity in the highly segmented ruling class. Thanks for helping. Aurangzeb’s religious policy . While appointing Muhtasibs, though, Aurangzeb emphasized that the state was also responsible for the moral welfare of the citizens. His policy of religious persecution of the Hindus, who formed the bulk of the population of the country, hastened the fall of his dynasty. Aurangzeb’s personal life was marked by simplicity. Aurangzeb’s religious policy led to series of contractions, which he found hard to resolve. He constantly tried to portray his own actions and policies as being in accordance with the actions of his predecessors, thereby seeking legitimization. He had equal regard for all religious system and he believed in the essential unity of all religions. The pious ruler of an Islamic state replaced the seasoned statesman of a mixed kingdom; Hindus became subordinates, not colleagues, and the Marathas, like the southern Muslim kingdoms, were marked for annexation rather than containment.The first overt sign of change was the reimposition of the jizya, or … But the order was disobeyed by everybody including members of the royal family. He had enlisted Hindu warrior tribes, chiefly the Rajputs, as reliable defenders of his throne. Appointment of non-Muslim on high ranks offices: A Farman addressed by Aurangzeb that there should be one hindu and one muslim on each of the civil and military departments of the state.There were a good number of Hindus who occupied the key posts in the civil and military department of the state during his reign. As a matter of fact, more Hindus joined the government service after 1672 than ever before. Aurangzeb and his Religious Policies. Join now. The famous temple of Somnath, which he ordered to be destroyed, was earlier in his reign. Thus, Aurangzeb impressed upon the foremost nobles of Bijapur, that his actions were directed against Sambhaji. But these officials were instructed not to interfere in the private lives of citizens. The First Phase- 1658 to 1679 The first phase begins from the year of his succession in 1658 to 1679 spanning over a period of twenty one years. His great-grandfather had striven to remove the religious and social barriers which divided the various classes of his subjects, and, though exception can be taken to his methods, none can be taken to the end which he had in view. So, the religious policies of both Akbar and Aurangzeb are the most differing, according to the stances taken by them. Religious policy of Aurangzeb was based on the Islamic theory of kinship. Simply suggesting that Aurangzeb’s policies were only loosely implemented gets us no closer to understanding the possibly complex interplay of Aurangzeb’s personal religious commitments, his obligations as a Mughal sovereign, and the rise of non-Muslim political communities. 1. Being a fanatic Sunni, Aurangzeb observed and practiced the principles of Islam strictly; he had such faith in Islam that he refused even to think that there could be truth in other religions as well. Religious policies of Aurangzeb There are three main categories of scholars regarding views of Aurangzeb’s religious policies: Jadunath Sarkar, S.R. Though orthodox in his beliefs, Aurangzeb regularly visited the sufis and went to the graves of well-known saints. Aurangzeb banned the festival of Nauroz, as it was considered as Zoroastrian practice favored by the Safavid rulers of Iran. Aurangzeb took power before his father had passed away. 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