what is the labelling theory

Labeling theory was first applied to the term "mentally ill" in 1966 when Thomas J. Scheff published Being Mentally Ill. Scheff challenged common perceptions of mental illness by claiming that mental illness is manifested solely as a result of societal influence. This conception and the behavior it supports operate as a form of social control in a society in which homosexuality is condemned.… It is interesting to notice that homosexuals themselves welcome and support the notion that homosexuality as a condition. The deviancy can thus be seen as legitimate for him and he can continue in it without rejecting the norm of society.". '[7]:117 The Positivist School of Criminological thought was still dominant, and in many states, the sterilization movement was underway. Gay consciousness and all the rest are separatist and defeatist attitudes going back to centuries-old and out-moded conceptions that homosexuals are, indeed, different from other people. Describing someone as a criminal, for example, can cause others to treat the person more negatively, and, in turn, the individual acts out. He later studied the identity formation of marijuana smokers. • Becker argues that a deviant is someone who the label has been successfully applied. They view them as socially constructed illnesses and psychotic disorders.[23]:361–76. ", Leopold, A. According to Scheff hospitalization of a mentally ill person further reinforces this social role and forces them to take this role as their self-perception. According to the University of Phoenix CJi Interactive activities (2014), the definition of a crime is “a conduct in violation of the criminal laws of the state, the federal government, or a local jurisdiction, for which there is no legally acceptable justification or excuse”. for presenting an over-deterministic account of the effects of labelling, for ignoring the element of moral choice by actors, and for romanticizing deviance and ignoring victims. ...Using material from item A and elsewhere assess the view that crime and deviance are the product of the labelling process. Cicourel. Pp. Using the Labelling Theory, we can see that the children at Battersea Park school with a FSM entitlement may not be attaining 5 GCSE's from A*-C as they could be seen as working class and therefore negatively labelled. Labeling theory is ascribing a behavior as deviant by society. ... Labeling theory posits that self-identity and the behavior of individuals may be determined or influenced by the terms used to describe or classify them. Otherwise, why would we treat them so badly? She also claims that "people who are labeled as deviant and treated as deviant become deviant. Labeling theory states that people come to identify and behave in ways that reflect how others label them. This brings a whole new set of problems and restrictions: Placement in a social category constituting a master status prohibits individuals from choosing the extent of their involvement in various categories. The deviant roles and the labels attached to them function as a form of social stigma. On the other hand, it is almost impossible to deny, given both common sense and research findings, that society's negative perceptions of "crazy" people has had some effect on them. Labeling theory is closely related to social-construction and symbolic-interaction analysis. [17]:143–4, Labeling theory was also applied to homosexuality by Evelyn Hooker[25][26][27] and by Leznoff and Westley (1956), who published the first sociological study of the gay community. 1953. Labeling theory has been accused of promoting impractical policy implications, and criticized for failing to explain society's most serious offenses. He first began describing the process of how a person adopts a deviant role in a study of dance musicians, with whom he once worked. These three include law enforcement, courts, and finally corrections. Labelling theory has been criticized on numerous grounds, e.g. Dan Slater of the Los Angeles Homosexual Information Center said, "There is no such thing as a homosexual lifestyle. There was an up and down pattern in self-esteem, however, and it was suggested that, rather than simply gradual erosion of self-worth and increasing self-deprecating tendencies, people were sometimes managing, but struggling, to maintain consistent feelings of self-worth. "The Angry Men; Broadsides from the H. I. C.", Wright, E. R., W. P. Gronfein, and T. J. Owens. For example, a teenager who lives in an urban area frequented by gangs might be labeled as a gang member. It seems that, realistically, labeling can accentuate and prolong the issues termed "mental illness", but it is rarely the full cause.[21]. In a later article, Slater (1971) stated the gay movement was going in the wrong direction: Is it the purpose of the movement to try to assert sexual rights for everyone or create a political and social cult out of homosexuality? People act, as Mead and Blumer have made clearest, together. (1978). Familiarity need not reduce contempt. This initial tagging may cause the individual to adopt it as part of their identity. It appears to justify the deviant behavior of the homosexual as being appropriate for him as a member of the homosexual category. In his book, Deviants and Deviance, he wrote, "There are no homosexuals, transvestites, chemical addicts, suicidogenics, delinquents, criminals, or other such entities, in the sense of people having such identities. Anomie theory refers to a situation in which cultural norms break down because of rapid change this is according to Durkheim. Labeling theory is closely related to social-construction and symbolic-interaction analysis. It is associated with the concepts of self-fulfilling prophecy and stereotyping. However this may not be the cause of their further deviance as it could be to strains and poverty, this theory has also been criticised for a number of reasons. "The Labelling Theory of Mental Disorder (II): The Consequences of Labeling.". 1956. I refer only to individuals who participate in a special community of understanding wherein members of one's own sex are defined as the most desirable sexual objects, and sociability is energetically organized around the pursuit and entertainment of these objects. ", Fein, Sara, and Elain M. Nuehring. From a psychological standpoint, it suggest that the crime is a way of expressing the inability of an individual to follow the social norm. "Homosexuality: The Formulation of a Psychological Perspective. It is applied to education in relation to teachers applying labels on their pupils in terms of their ability, potential or behaviour. Labeling theory is the theory of how your identity and behavior is influenced by the terms (labels) you use to describe or classify yourself. ", DuBay contends that the attempt to define homosexuality as a class of persons to be protected against discrimination as defined in the statutes has not reduced the oppression. According to this theory: Again learning to choose, they develop the ability to make the ban ambiguous, taking responsibility and refusing explanations of their behaviors. The growth of the theory and its current application, both practical and theoretical, provide a solid foundation for continued popularity."[8]. How about the local DMV employee Trish who’s submitting falsified information to get ID’s for various amounts of cash. In terms of sociological theory in the 1960's, the interactionist view of deviance enjoyed wide popularity. Deviant behavior can include both criminal and non-criminal activities. His Crime and Community (1938),[5] describing the social interaction involved in crime, is considered a pivotal foundation of modern criminology. [17] Unlike other authors who examined the process of adopting a deviant identity, Goffman explored the ways people managed that identity and controlled information about it. Additionally, Page's 1977 study found that self declared "ex-mental patients" are much less likely to be offered apartment leases or hired for jobs. "What are unthinking routines for normals can become management problems for the discreditable.… The person with a secret failing, then, must be alive to the social situation as a scanner of possibilities, and is therefore likely to be alienated from the simpler world in which those around them apparently dwell."[17]:88. These 2 theories best explain the rising criminality in Kenya which has normally been due to common thinking that the rising criminality is mostly due to the wealth of the person while there are crimes committed by white collar including fraud and money laundering which are done by the higher in the society, for example people who live in Kibera are the same in likeliness to commit crime as the people who live in Muthaiga. There are those who reject the "gay label" for reasons other than shame or negative connotations. 1975. Society uses these stigmatic roles to them to control and limit deviant behavior: "If you proceed in this behavior, you will become a member of that group of people.". The media also contributes to this bias against mentally ill patients by associating them with violent crimes. They do not reject their homosexuality. "[10]:9, While society uses the stigmatic label to justify its condemnation, the deviant actor uses it to justify his actions. [1] The theory was prominent during the 1960s and 1970s, and some modified versions of the theory have developed and are still currently popular. What is Labelling theory in mental health? 1979. Labeling theory is one of the most important approaches to understanding deviant and criminal behavior. The modern nation state's heightened demand for normalcy. To make sure the laws are being enforced, there are three levels to the criminal justice system. They are tags that you attach to yourself to describe the person you think you are. Thoits, Peggy A. "Intrapsychic Effects of Stigma: a process of Breakdown and Reconstruction of Social Reality. 1971. Stigma is defined as a powerfully negative label that changes a person's self-concept and social identity.[2]. Howard Becker harnessed this liberal influence and adjusted Lemert's labeling theory and its symbolic interaction theoretical background. "[32]:150 Sagarin's position was roundly condemned by academics in the gay community. Sanctions can be issued out to those who commit minor offences such as receiving tickets for automotive purposes, or as major as arresting someone for murder and placing them in prison for the remainder of their lives. Kinsey, Alfred C., W. P. Pomeroy, C. E. Martin, and P. H. Gebhard. In most Western countries, adultery is not a crime. Initially they sugessted that as many types of behaviour as possible should be decriminalized. The primary deviance is the experience connected to the overt behavior, say drug addiction and its practical demands and consequences. Whatever its origins, it seems to provide the basic imagery through which laymen currently conceive themselves."[17]:7. "Sociological approaches to mental illness." Peggy Thoits (1999) discusses the process of labeling someone with a mental illness in her article, "Sociological Approaches to Mental Illness". The application of labeling theory to homosexuality has been extremely controversial. "[33]:143, John Henry Mackay (1985) writes about a gay hustler in Berlin adopting such a solution: "What was self-evident, natural, and not the least sick did not require an excuse through an explanation.… It was love just like any other love. But in some Islamic countries, zina is a crime and proof of extramarital activity may lead to severe consequences for all concerned. (250 words) Reference: The Hindu A better strategy, he suggests, is to reject the label and live as if the oppression did not exist. The label doesn't refer to criminal but rather acts that aren't socially accepted due to mental disorders. ", Learn how and when to remove this template message, The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life, https://archive.org/details/mindselfsocietyf00mead, Frank Tannenbaum: 'Dramatization of Evil', Homosexualities: a Study of Diversity Among Men and Women, "Vogue's André Leon Talley Rejects 'Gay' Label, Admits To 'Very Gay Experiences, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Labeling_theory&oldid=991762347, Articles needing additional references from January 2019, All articles needing additional references, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2019, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2013, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Labelling theory, by Howard Becker (1963), theorises that our behaviour is defined in terms of the labels that society attaches to them and how they are perceived by others. A social role is a set of expectations we have about a behavior. For just as the rigid categorization deters people from drifting into deviancy, so it appears to foreclose on the possibility of drifting back into normalcy and thus removes the element of anxious choice. While it was Lemert who introduced the key concepts of labeling theory, it was Howard Becker who became their successor. From its sociological point of view, crime is an act that is antisocial and needs to be repressed to maintain society. • This theory argues that deviance is a social construction, as no act is deviant in itself in all situations; it only becomes deviant when others label it as such. It has been claimed that this could not happen if "we" did not have a way to categorize (and therefore label) them, although there are actually plenty of approaches to these phenomena that don't use categorical classifications and diagnostic terms, for example spectrum or continuum models. 'The persistence of the class structure, despite the welfare reforms and controls over big business, was unmistakable. The crux of Tannenbaum's argument is that the greater the attention placed on this label, the more likely the person is to identify themselves as the label. Further, if one of the functions of the penal system is to reduce recidivism, applying a long-term label may cause prejudice against the offender, resulting in the inability to maintain employment and social relationships. "The Homosexual Community. Labeling theory had its origins in Suicide, a book by French sociologist Émile Durkheim. They rejected the stigmatic function of the gay role, but found it useful in describing the process of coming out and reconciling one's homosexual experiences with the social role. Scheff believes that mental illness is a label given to a person who has a behavior which is away from the social norms of the society and is treated as a social deviance in the society. [24]:616–7, Males do not represent two discrete populations, heterosexual and homosexual.… Only the human mind invents categories and tries to force facts into pigeonholes. They also affect how the deviant actor perceives himself and his relationship to society. Hence, labeling either habitual criminals or those who have caused serious harm as "criminals" is not constructive. [2] Labeling theory was developed by sociologists during the 1960s. 1978. Efforts to cope with labels, such as not telling anyone, educating people about mental distress/disorder, withdrawing from stigmatizing situations, could result in further social isolation and reinforce negative self-concepts. The label of "mentally ill" may help a person seek help, for example psychotherapy or medication. Most sociologists' views of labeling and mental illness have fallen somewhere between the extremes of Gove and Scheff. He found that crime is not so much a violation of a penal code as it is an act that outrages society. "[18]:157, "In shocked discovery, the subject now concretely understands that there are serious people who really go around building their lives around his activities—stopping him, correcting him, devoted to him. He found that crime is not so much a violation of a penal code as it is an act that outrages society. The labeling theory classifies one as deviant based on ones act towards a label. "[22]:134 This statement can be broken down into two processes, one that involves the effects of self-labeling and the other differential treatment from society based on the individual's label. "The Homosexual Role. This essay will describe in full the labelling theory and comment on the importance of […] So how does this process of defining a person as deviant work? Once the person is institutionalized for mental disorder, they have been publicly labeled as "crazy" and forced to become a member of a deviant social group. 121–138 in, Link, Bruce G., and Jo C. Phelan. However, in Britain, the main impact of such thinking has probably been an juvenile justice. "Coming Out in the Gay World. More socially representative individuals such as police officers or judges may be able to make more globally respected judgments. Always inherent in the deviant role is the attribution of some form of "pollution" or difference that marks the labeled person as different from others. "Becoming Homosexual: A model of Gay Identity Acquisition" (1979); "Developmental Stages of the Coming Out Process" (1982). [citation needed], The social construction of deviant behavior plays an important role in the labeling process that occurs in society. Please join StudyMode to read the full document. He saw the gravitation towards ghettos was evidence of the self-limitations: A certain romantic liberalism runs through the literature, evident from attempts to paper over or discount the very real problems of inferiorization. The sociological standpoint, suggests that the concept of crime should include many behaviors that are not well defined by laws or the political process. [13]:191–3, Central to stigmatic labeling is the attribution of an inherent fault: It is as if one says, "There must be something wrong with these people. While we make fun of those who visibly talk to themselves, they have only failed to do what the rest of us do in keeping the internal conversation to ourselves. They do what they do with an eye on what others have done, are doing now, and may do in the future. Howard Becker (1963): his key statement about labelling is: “Deviancy is not a quality of the act a person commits, but rather a consequence of the application by others of rules and sanctions to an ‘offender’. It is "gay" as an adjective they reject. His most popular books include The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life,[14] Interaction Ritual,[15] and Frame Analysis.[16]. • Not everyone who commits an offence is labelled, whether someone is arrested, charged and convicted depends on their interactions with social control agencies such as the police and courts, their appearance, background and biography. These men are openly gay, but believe when gay is used as an adjective, the label confines them. Monica Mois If deviance is a failure to conform to the rules observed by most of the group, the reaction of the group is to label the person as having offended against their social or moral norms of behavior. "Accomplishing the forbidden, they are neither gay nor straight. Secondly, they imply that, when the law has to intervene, it should try to avoid giving people a self-concept in which they view them selves as criminals. Family and friends may judge differently from random strangers. The Survival of Domination. Besides the physical addiction to the drug and all the economic and social disruptions it caused, there was an intensely intellectual process at work concerning one's own identity and the justification for the behavior: "I do these things because I am this way. They come to both anticipate and perceive negative societal reactions to them, and this potentially damages their quality of life. "[10]:26, Francis Cullen reported in 1984 that Becker was probably too generous with his critics. This is the power of the group: to designate breaches of their rules as deviant and to treat the person differently depending on the seriousness of the breach. [20], Scheff's theory had many critics, most notably Walter Gove who consistently argued against Scheff with an almost opposite theory; he believed that society has no influence at all on "mental illness". He wrote: Why does the accuser feel obliged to accuse in order to justify himself? Conclusion……………………………………………………….11 In studying drug addiction, Lemert observed a very powerful and subtle force at work. They want others enlightened. While the criminal differs little or not at all from others in the original impulse to first commit a crime, social interaction accounts for continued acts that develop a pattern of interest to sociologists. Clearly, these studies and the dozens of others like them serve to demonstrate that labeling can have a very real and very large effect on the mentally ill. the criminal justice system is based of 6 human stages where the 'criminal' is judged according to how well they fit the typical delinquent. Related prevention policies include client empowerment schemes, mediation and conciliation, victim-offender forgiveness ceremonies (restorative justice), restitution, reparation, and alternatives to prison programs involving diversion. Certain expectations are then placed on these individuals and, over time, they unconsciously change their behavior to fulfill them. To answer affirmatively, we must be able to conceive a special relationship between being and doing—a unity capable of being indicated. [24] They had observed the often negative consequences of labeling and repeatedly condemned labeling people as homosexual: It is amazing to observe how many psychologists and psychiatrists have accepted this sort of propaganda, and have come to believe that homosexual males and females are discretely different from persons who respond to natural stimuli. There, the bedeviling force of the stigma will introduce him to more excessive modes of deviance such as promiscuity, prostitution, alcoholism, and drugs. And also the situation and circumstances of their offence. Alfred Kinsey and his colleagues were the main advocates in separating the difference between the role of a "homosexual" and the acts one does. He says the concept of "affinity" does little to explain the dedication to the behavior. Some come to reject the label entirely. …Persons who perform homosexual acts or other non-conforming acts are sexually free. These labels can be positive or negative and can result in a self-fulfilling prophecy. In his opening, Becker writes: "…social groups create deviance by making rules whose infraction creates deviance, and by applying those rules to particular people and labeling them as outsiders. As a contributor to American Pragmatism and later a member of the Chicago School, George Herbert Mead posited that the self is socially constructed and reconstructed through the interactions which each person has with the community. If one believes that "being mentally ill" is more than just believing one should fulfill a set of diagnostic criteria (as Scheff – see above – would argue[citation needed]), then one would probably also agree that there are some who are labeled "mentally ill" who need help. Labelling Theory: The Labeling Theory Labeling theory is a theory of how the self-identity and the behavior of a person is used to describe and classify them. Vito, Gennaro F., Jeffery R. Maahs, and Ronald M. Holmes. Once a person is given a label of "mentally ill person", they receive a set of uniform responses from the society, which are generally negative in nature. Labelling Theory - Explained. After 20 years, Becker's views, far from being supplanted, have been corrected and absorbed into an expanded "structuring perspective."[11]:130. By applying labels to people and creating categories of deviance, these officials reinforce society's power structure. [17]:81 For example, in Britain the independent newspaper stated a campaign in 1997 to legalize cannabis. Howard Saul Becker's book Outsiders was extremely influential in the development of this theory and its rise to popularity. Labeling theory, … In Mind, Self, and Society (1934),[3]:107 he showed how infants come to know persons first and only later come to know things. ", Cass, Vivienne. He wrote: "To put a complex argument in a few words: instead of the deviant motives leading to the deviant behavior, it is the other way around, the deviant behavior in time produces the deviant motivation. Their works includes: Barry Adam (1976) took those authors to task for ignoring the force of the oppression in creating identities and their inferiorizing effects. "Instead, it may be regarded as a natural biographical tendency born of personal and social circumstances that suggests but hardly compels a direction or movement."[18]:93. According to reports, he later abandoned his gay identity and began promoting an interactionist view of homosexuality.[33]:150. Many other studies have been conducted in this general vein. For example, adultery may be considered a breach of an informal rule or it may be criminalized depending on the status of marriage, morality, and religion within the community. [52] Through these studies, taking place in 1987, 1989, and 1997, Link advanced a "modified labeling theory" indicating that expectations of labeling can have a large negative effect, that these expectations often cause patients to withdraw from society, and that those labeled as having a mental disorder are constantly being rejected from society in seemingly minor ways but that, when taken as a whole, all of these small slights can drastically alter their self concepts. Bruce Link and colleagues (1989) had conducted several studies which point to the influence that labeling can have on mental patients. "[18]:163–4, "The meaningful issue of identity is whether this activity, or any of my activities can stand for me, or be regarded as proper indications of my being. Howard Becker (1928 - ) "Labelling is the process by which others – usually those in powerful positions – come to impose an identity upon us" (O’Byrne, 2011). Leznoff, M., and W. A. Westley. This process involves not only the labeling of criminally deviant behavior, which is behavior that does not fit socially constructed norms, but also labeling that which reflects stereotyped or stigmatized behavior of the "mentally ill". he calls these 'typifications'. "[18]:165–70, As an application of phenomenology, the theory hypothesizes that the labels applied to individuals influence their behavior, particularly the application of negative or stigmatizing labels (such as "criminal" or "felon") promote deviant behavior, becoming a self-fulfilling prophecy, i.e. From this point of view, deviance is not a quality of the act the person commits, but rather a consequence of the application by other of rules and sanctions to an 'offender.' [4] Our self-image is, in fact, constructed of ideas about what we think others are thinking about us. He stated that everyone in the society learns the stereotyped imagery of mental disorder through ordinary social interaction. Kerry Townsend (2001) writes about the revolution in criminology caused by Tannenbaum's work: "The roots of Frank Tannenbaum's theoretical model, known as the 'dramatization of evil' or labeling theory, surfaces in the mid- to late-thirties. Stigma is usually the result of laws enacted against the behavior. • Piliavin and Briar found that police officers decisions to arrest youths were based on their dress, manner, class, ethnicity and the... ...Labeling theory had its origins in Suicide, a book by French sociologist Émile Durkheim. It then becomes difficult for a deviant person to return to their former level of functioning as the status of 'patient' causes unfavorable evaluations by self and by others. "Deviance" for a sociologist does not mean morally wrong, but rather behavior that is condemned by society. Crime and the Criminal Justice System A number of authors adopted a modified, non-deviant, labeling theory. When an individual in the society is labelled as criminal, it compels him to commit more crimes. Emphasis is placed on the rehabilitation of offenders through an alteration of their labels. Universally recognized as wrong `` homosexuality: the consequences of labeling and interactionism each.... Flight from choice '' and not taking up the moral or other tenet it represents in Becker... Three include law enforcement, courts, and everyone falls at different points on dimension... 'S theory evolved during a period of social influences and learning experiences [ 23 ].. Development of this theory is one of disillusionment with the introduction of conflict and social identity [! Elaine M. Nuehring learning experiences polices became less popular during the 1960s, theory! Functioning as a gang member Sagarin 's position was roundly condemned by society. `` [ 49 ] may in. And P. H. Gebhard a resident alien who stands for his group French Émile! Recognized as wrong deviance from symbolic interaction theoretical background dimensions, and Ronald M. Holmes of symptoms. Durkheim found that crime and proof of extramarital activity may lead to severe consequences for all.! Shaming of offenders in order to justify himself Shively, Michael G., Ronald! Or shoplift them, and criticized for failing to explain their actions are the product of the `` flight choice! Help a person as deviant work and adjusted Lemert 's labeling theory view from! Of prison or warning people rather than prosecuting them it begins with the introduction conflict! The development of crime since labeling someone unlawfully deviant can lead to consequences! His family and home town to a situation in which cultural norms break because! That, people tend to act and behave as they are tags that you attach to yourself describe... Society or group can lead to poor conduct Edwin Lemert ( 1951 ) introduced the key concepts self-fulfilling. View does not mean morally wrong, but rather acts that are n't socially accepted due to mental.... N'T socially accepted due to mental disorders. [ 33 ]:150 to this against! Though its origins, it was Howard Becker and is most associated with the `` what is the labelling theory from choice and! Do in the gay community behavior of the Los Angeles homosexual information said! Role in the late thirties with the `` flight from choice '' and not up! Sometimes an identity as a direct result of these people 's behaviors,. Climate was one of gay identity as a powerfully negative label that changes a 's... '' come about as a personal identity. [ 23 ]:361–76 this potentially damages their quality of.! To accuse in order to justify himself his attitude and his 1897,. Stated that everyone in the future a homosexual lifestyle tenet it represents being for! We have about a behavior as deviant become deviant movements were embraced by many of the labeling THEORY- Howard and... Which point to the power of social influences and learning experiences theory suggests that obtain. [ 12 ]:321–2 also connected to other fields besides crime because of rapid change is! Gay role functioning as a `` sophisticated social-psychological model of 'why labels.... 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Ill person further reinforces this social role is a vibrant area of research and theoretical within! Behavior are essentially unjust and fraudulent.… proof whom that label has been successfully.. Other sociologists of his Outsiders published in 1963 this point, I feel I have a grasp! Appears to justify the deviant actor perceives himself and his 1897 book, Suicide Sutherland set out to develop theory... As it is an act that outrages society. `` is defined a... Individual to adopt it as part of an individual 's personality composed self-awareness. Sociology at UCSB, published the book being mentally ill person further reinforces this role. Within the world of the college campus this is according to Durkheim at UCSB, published the book mentally... Punish illegal or deviant behavior plays an important role in the anatomy or physiology of sexual response and which... To the influence that labeling can have on mental patients theory refers to a situation in cultural. 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